A monthly update on GNU and the FSF
Version 1.3, 3 November 2008
Copyright (C) 2000, 2001, 2002, 2007, 2008 Free Software Foundation, = Inc.=20 <http://fsf.org/>
Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies of this = license=20 document, but changing it is not allowed.
The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other=20 functional and useful document "free" in the sense of freedom: to assure = everyone the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it, with or = without=20 modifying it, either commercially or noncommercially. Secondarily, this = License=20 preserves for the author and publisher a way to get credit for their = work, while=20 not being considered responsible for modifications made by others.
This License is a kind of "copyleft", which means that derivative = works of=20 the document must themselves be free in the same sense. It complements = the GNU=20 General Public License, which is a copyleft license designed for free=20 software.
We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for free = software, because free software needs free documentation: a free program = should=20 come with manuals providing the same freedoms that the software does. = But this=20 License is not limited to software manuals; it can be used for any = textual work,=20 regardless of subject matter or whether it is published as a printed = book. We=20 recommend this License principally for works whose purpose is = instruction or=20 reference.
This License applies to any manual or other work, in any medium, that = contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it can be = distributed=20 under the terms of this License. Such a notice grants a world-wide, = royalty-free=20 license, unlimited in duration, to use that work under the conditions = stated=20 herein. The "Document", below, refers to any such manual or work. Any = member of=20 the public is a licensee, and is addressed as "you". You accept the = license if=20 you copy, modify or distribute the work in a way requiring permission = under=20 copyright law.
A "Modified Version" of the Document means any work containing the = Document=20 or a portion of it, either copied verbatim, or with modifications and/or = translated into another language.
A "Secondary Section" is a named appendix or a front-matter section = of the=20 Document that deals exclusively with the relationship of the publishers = or=20 authors of the Document to the Document's overall subject (or to related = matters) and contains nothing that could fall directly within that = overall=20 subject. (Thus, if the Document is in part a textbook of mathematics, a=20 Secondary Section may not explain any mathematics.) The relationship = could be a=20 matter of historical connection with the subject or with related = matters, or of=20 legal, commercial, philosophical, ethical or political position = regarding=20 them.
The "Invariant Sections" are certain Secondary Sections whose titles = are=20 designated, as being those of Invariant Sections, in the notice that = says that=20 the Document is released under this License. If a section does not fit = the above=20 definition of Secondary then it is not allowed to be designated as = Invariant.=20 The Document may contain zero Invariant Sections. If the Document does = not=20 identify any Invariant Sections then there are none.
The "Cover Texts" are certain short passages of text that are listed, = as=20 Front-Cover Texts or Back-Cover Texts, in the notice that says that the = Document=20 is released under this License. A Front-Cover Text may be at most 5 = words, and a=20 Back-Cover Text may be at most 25 words.
A "Transparent" copy of the Document means a machine-readable copy,=20 represented in a format whose specification is available to the general = public,=20 that is suitable for revising the document straightforwardly with = generic text=20 editors or (for images composed of pixels) generic paint programs or = (for=20 drawings) some widely available drawing editor, and that is suitable for = input=20 to text formatters or for automatic translation to a variety of formats = suitable=20 for input to text formatters. A copy made in an otherwise Transparent = file=20 format whose markup, or absence of markup, has been arranged to thwart = or=20 discourage subsequent modification by readers is not Transparent. An = image=20 format is not Transparent if used for any substantial amount of text. A = copy=20 that is not "Transparent" is called "Opaque".
Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include plain = ASCII=20 without markup, Texinfo input format, LaTeX input format, SGML or XML = using a=20 publicly available DTD, and standard-conforming simple HTML, PostScript = or PDF=20 designed for human modification. Examples of transparent image formats = include=20 PNG, XCF and JPG. Opaque formats include proprietary formats that can be = read=20 and edited only by proprietary word processors, SGML or XML for which = the DTD=20 and/or processing tools are not generally available, and the = machine-generated=20 HTML, PostScript or PDF produced by some word processors for output = purposes=20 only.
The "Title Page" means, for a printed book, the title page itself, = plus such=20 following pages as are needed to hold, legibly, the material this = License=20 requires to appear in the title page. For works in formats which do not = have any=20 title page as such, "Title Page" means the text near the most prominent=20 appearance of the work's title, preceding the beginning of the body of = the=20 text.
The "publisher" means any person or entity that distributes copies of = the=20 Document to the public.
A section "Entitled XYZ" means a named subunit of the Document whose = title=20 either is precisely XYZ or contains XYZ in parentheses following text = that=20 translates XYZ in another language. (Here XYZ stands for a specific = section name=20 mentioned below, such as "Acknowledgements", "Dedications", = "Endorsements", or=20 "History".) To "Preserve the Title" of such a section when you modify = the=20 Document means that it remains a section "Entitled XYZ" according to = this=20 definition.
The Document may include Warranty Disclaimers next to the notice = which states=20 that this License applies to the Document. These Warranty Disclaimers = are=20 considered to be included by reference in this License, but only as = regards=20 disclaiming warranties: any other implication that these Warranty = Disclaimers=20 may have is void and has no effect on the meaning of this License.
You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either = commercially=20 or noncommercially, provided that this License, the copyright notices, = and the=20 license notice saying this License applies to the Document are = reproduced in all=20 copies, and that you add no other conditions whatsoever to those of this = License. You may not use technical measures to obstruct or control the = reading=20 or further copying of the copies you make or distribute. However, you = may accept=20 compensation in exchange for copies. If you distribute a large enough = number of=20 copies you must also follow the conditions in section 3.
You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above, and = you may=20 publicly display copies.
If you publish printed copies (or copies in media that commonly have = printed=20 covers) of the Document, numbering more than 100, and the Document's = license=20 notice requires Cover Texts, you must enclose the copies in covers that = carry,=20 clearly and legibly, all these Cover Texts: Front-Cover Texts on the = front=20 cover, and Back-Cover Texts on the back cover. Both covers must also = clearly and=20 legibly identify you as the publisher of these copies. The front cover = must=20 present the full title with all words of the title equally prominent and = visible. You may add other material on the covers in addition. Copying = with=20 changes limited to the covers, as long as they preserve the title of the = Document and satisfy these conditions, can be treated as verbatim = copying in=20 other respects.
If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit = legibly, you=20 should put the first ones listed (as many as fit reasonably) on the = actual=20 cover, and continue the rest onto adjacent pages.
If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document numbering = more=20 than 100, you must either include a machine-readable Transparent copy = along with=20 each Opaque copy, or state in or with each Opaque copy a = computer-network=20 location from which the general network-using public has access to = download=20 using public-standard network protocols a complete Transparent copy of = the=20 Document, free of added material. If you use the latter option, you must = take=20 reasonably prudent steps, when you begin distribution of Opaque copies = in=20 quantity, to ensure that this Transparent copy will remain thus = accessible at=20 the stated location until at least one year after the last time you = distribute=20 an Opaque copy (directly or through your agents or retailers) of that = edition to=20 the public.
It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of = the=20 Document well before redistributing any large number of copies, to give = them a=20 chance to provide you with an updated version of the Document.
You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document under = the=20 conditions of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you release the = Modified=20 Version under precisely this License, with the Modified Version filling = the role=20 of the Document, thus licensing distribution and modification of the = Modified=20 Version to whoever possesses a copy of it. In addition, you must do = these things=20 in the Modified Version:
If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or = appendices that=20 qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no material copied from the = Document,=20 you may at your option designate some or all of these sections as = invariant. To=20 do this, add their titles to the list of Invariant Sections in the = Modified=20 Version's license notice. These titles must be distinct from any other = section=20 titles.
You may add a section Entitled "Endorsements", provided it contains = nothing=20 but endorsements of your Modified Version by various parties--for = example,=20 statements of peer review or that the text has been approved by an = organization=20 as the authoritative definition of a standard.
You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text, and = a=20 passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end of the list = of Cover=20 Texts in the Modified Version. Only one passage of Front-Cover Text and = one of=20 Back-Cover Text may be added by (or through arrangements made by) any = one=20 entity. If the Document already includes a cover text for the same = cover,=20 previously added by you or by arrangement made by the same entity you = are acting=20 on behalf of, you may not add another; but you may replace the old one, = on=20 explicit permission from the previous publisher that added the old = one.
The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this License = give=20 permission to use their names for publicity for or to assert or imply=20 endorsement of any Modified Version.
You may combine the Document with other documents released under this = License, under the terms defined in section 4 above for modified = versions,=20 provided that you include in the combination all of the Invariant = Sections of=20 all of the original documents, unmodified, and list them all as = Invariant=20 Sections of your combined work in its license notice, and that you = preserve all=20 their Warranty Disclaimers.
The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and = multiple=20 identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single copy. If = there are=20 multiple Invariant Sections with the same name but different contents, = make the=20 title of each such section unique by adding at the end of it, in = parentheses,=20 the name of the original author or publisher of that section if known, = or else a=20 unique number. Make the same adjustment to the section titles in the = list of=20 Invariant Sections in the license notice of the combined work.
In the combination, you must combine any sections Entitled "History" = in the=20 various original documents, forming one section Entitled "History"; = likewise=20 combine any sections Entitled "Acknowledgements", and any sections = Entitled=20 "Dedications". You must delete all sections Entitled "Endorsements".
You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other = documents=20 released under this License, and replace the individual copies of this = License=20 in the various documents with a single copy that is included in the = collection,=20 provided that you follow the rules of this License for verbatim copying = of each=20 of the documents in all other respects.
You may extract a single document from such a collection, and = distribute it=20 individually under this License, provided you insert a copy of this = License into=20 the extracted document, and follow this License in all other respects = regarding=20 verbatim copying of that document.
A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other separate = and=20 independent documents or works, in or on a volume of a storage or = distribution=20 medium, is called an "aggregate" if the copyright resulting from the = compilation=20 is not used to limit the legal rights of the compilation's users beyond = what the=20 individual works permit. When the Document is included in an aggregate, = this=20 License does not apply to the other works in the aggregate which are not = themselves derivative works of the Document.
If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these = copies of=20 the Document, then if the Document is less than one half of the entire=20 aggregate, the Document's Cover Texts may be placed on covers that = bracket the=20 Document within the aggregate, or the electronic equivalent of covers if = the=20 Document is in electronic form. Otherwise they must appear on printed = covers=20 that bracket the whole aggregate.
Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may = distribute=20 translations of the Document under the terms of section 4. Replacing = Invariant=20 Sections with translations requires special permission from their = copyright=20 holders, but you may include translations of some or all Invariant = Sections in=20 addition to the original versions of these Invariant Sections. You may = include a=20 translation of this License, and all the license notices in the = Document, and=20 any Warranty Disclaimers, provided that you also include the original = English=20 version of this License and the original versions of those notices and=20 disclaimers. In case of a disagreement between the translation and the = original=20 version of this License or a notice or disclaimer, the original version = will=20 prevail.
If a section in the Document is Entitled "Acknowledgements", = "Dedications",=20 or "History", the requirement (section 4) to Preserve its Title (section = 1) will=20 typically require changing the actual title.
You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document = except as=20 expressly provided under this License. Any attempt otherwise to copy, = modify,=20 sublicense, or distribute it is void, and will automatically terminate = your=20 rights under this License.
However, if you cease all violation of this License, then your = license from a=20 particular copyright holder is reinstated (a) provisionally, unless and = until=20 the copyright holder explicitly and finally terminates your license, and = (b)=20 permanently, if the copyright holder fails to notify you of the = violation by=20 some reasonable means prior to 60 days after the cessation.
Moreover, your license from a particular copyright holder is = reinstated=20 permanently if the copyright holder notifies you of the violation by = some=20 reasonable means, this is the first time you have received notice of = violation=20 of this License (for any work) from that copyright holder, and you cure = the=20 violation prior to 30 days after your receipt of the notice.
Termination of your rights under this section does not terminate the = licenses=20 of parties who have received copies or rights from you under this = License. If=20 your rights have been terminated and not permanently reinstated, receipt = of a=20 copy of some or all of the same material does not give you any rights to = use=20 it.
The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions of the = GNU=20 Free Documentation License from time to time. Such new versions will be = similar=20 in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to address = new=20 problems or concerns. See http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/.
Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version number. = If the=20 Document specifies that a particular numbered version of this License = "or any=20 later version" applies to it, you have the option of following the terms = and=20 conditions either of that specified version or of any later version that = has=20 been published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. If the = Document=20 does not specify a version number of this License, you may choose any = version=20 ever published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. If the = Document=20 specifies that a proxy can decide which future versions of this License = can be=20 used, that proxy's public statement of acceptance of a version = permanently=20 authorizes you to choose that version for the Document.
"Massive Multiauthor Collaboration Site" (or "MMC Site") means any = World Wide=20 Web server that publishes copyrightable works and also provides = prominent=20 facilities for anybody to edit those works. A public wiki that anybody = can edit=20 is an example of such a server. A "Massive Multiauthor Collaboration" = (or "MMC")=20 contained in the site means any set of copyrightable works thus = published on the=20 MMC site.
"CC-BY-SA" means the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 = license=20 published by Creative Commons Corporation, a not-for-profit corporation = with a=20 principal place of business in San Francisco, California, as well as = future=20 copyleft versions of that license published by that same = organization.
"Incorporate" means to publish or republish a Document, in whole or = in part,=20 as part of another Document.
An MMC is "eligible for relicensing" if it is licensed under this = License,=20 and if all works that were first published under this License somewhere = other=20 than this MMC, and subsequently incorporated in whole or in part into = the MMC,=20 (1) had no cover texts or invariant sections, and (2) were thus = incorporated=20 prior to November 1, 2008.
The operator of an MMC Site may republish an MMC contained in the = site under=20 CC-BY-SA on the same site at any time before August 1, 2009, provided = the MMC is=20 eligible for relicensing.
To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of = the=20 License in the document and put the following copyright and license = notices just=20 after the title page:
Copyright (c) YEAR YOUR NAME.
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this =
document
under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3
or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover =
Texts.
A copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU
Free Documentation License".
If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover = Texts,=20 replace the "with...Texts." line with this:
with the =
Invariant Sections being LIST THEIR TITLES, with the
Front-Cover Texts being LIST, and with the Back-Cover Texts being =
LIST.
If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts, or some other = combination=20 of the three, merge those two alternatives to suit the situation.
If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we = recommend=20 releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of free software = license,=20 such as the GNU General Public License, to permit their use in free = software.=20